Cum s-a schimbat ciuma în cele trei pandemii din ultimele 1.500 de ani?

Yersinia pestis, the bacterium causing plague, has adapted over the past 1,500 years, exhibiting surprising evolutionary trends. Researchers from the Institut Pasteur in France have studied samples from three significant pandemics and concluded that Y. pestis has become less virulent and deadly.

### Evolution of Yersinia pestis

The study indicates that through reduced virulence, the plague bacteria have managed to spread more effectively among humans, prolonging the duration of pandemics. Experimental infections in lab rats have demonstrated that the disease lasted longer when the bacteria were less deadly.

### Historical Context of Plague Pandemics

Yersinia pestis has been a lethal threat throughout history, responsible for innumerable deaths. The most notorious form, the bubonic plague, has claimed millions of lives. The first pandemic, known as the Plague of Justinian, emerged in 541 AD in Constantinople, brought over from Egypt via ships carrying grain. This pandemic decimated Constantinople before rapidly spreading across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, ultimately killing an estimated 25 to 50 million people—potentially half the global population at that time.

The second pandemic, the Black Death, struck Europe in 1347 when a Genoese ship brought the disease from the Crimean city of Caffa to Messina in Sicily. Within four years, it resulted in the deaths of about one-third of Europe’s population.

The third pandemic, starting in 1855 in Yunnan, China, led to over 12 million deaths in India and China alone. This outbreak was active until 1960, with some regions still experiencing plague outbreaks, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO).

### Summary

The findings underscore the evolutionary strategies of Yersinia pestis, which have allowed it to persist throughout human history, adapting in ways that increase its transmission potential. Despite its deadly reputation, the bacterium’s evolution suggests that lower virulence may enhance its survivability during pandemics.